WHY HAS ITALY BEEN SPARED MASS TERROR ATTACKS IN RECENT YEARS?

Uno dei motivi, probabilmente il principale, per cui l’Italia è l’unico gerande Paese europeo a non essere stato colpito da attentati dei terroristi islamici va individuato nell’eccellenza delle tecniche di contrasto alla criminalità organizzata, sviluppate negli ultimi trent’anni dalla Digos nella lotta contro la mafia e contro il terrorismo politico

.
Articolo di Stephanie Kirchgaessner ^[1] e Lorenzo Tondo ^[2] pubblicato da The Guardian il 24 giugno 2017 – In argomento v. anche l’editoriale telegrafico di un anno fa, Una nostra eccellenza preziosa ^[3], nel quale osservavo quanto sia più efficiente la Digos rispetto ai corpi di polizia preposti ai servizi antiterrorismo degli altri maggiori Parsi UE .
.

Why has Italy been spared mass terror attacks in recent years? | World news | The Guardian// <![CDATA[ {"name":"The Guardian","url":"http://www.theguardian.com/","logo":"https://assets.guim.co.uk/images/favicons/451963ac2e23633472bf48e2856d3f04/152x152.png","sameAs":["https://www.facebook.com/theguardian","https://twitter.com/guardian","https://plus.google.com/+theGuardian","https://www.youtube.com/user/TheGuardian"],"@type":"Organization","@context":"http://schema.org"} // ]]>// <![CDATA[ {"@id":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jun/23/why-has-italy-been-spared-mass-terror-attacks-in-recent-years","potentialAction":{"@type":"ViewAction","target":"android-app://com.guardian/https/www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jun/23/why-has-italy-been-spared-mass-terror-attacks-in-recent-years"},"@type":"WebPage","@context":"http://schema.org"} // ]]> <!--// <![CDATA[ window.console=window.console||undefined; // ]]><!--esi -->// <![CDATA[ /*@cc_on @if (@_jscript_version <= 9) (function(f){ window.setTimeout = f(window.setTimeout); window.setInterval = f(window.setInterval); })(function(f){return function(c,t){var a=[].slice.call(arguments,2);return f(function(){c.apply(this,a)},t)}}); @end @*/(function(window){var lastTime,vendors;if(!window.requestAnimationFrame){lastTime=0;vendors=["ms","moz","webkit","o"];for(var x=0;x<vendors.length&&!window.requestAnimationFrame;++x){window.requestAnimationFrame=window[vendors[x]+"RequestAnimationFrame"];window.cancelAnimationFrame=window[vendors[x]+"CancelAnimationFrame"]||window[vendors[x]+"CancelRequestAnimationFrame"]}window.requestAnimationFrame=function(callback,element){var currTime=(new Date).getTime();var timeToCall=Math.max(0,16-(currTime-lastTime));var id=window.setTimeout(function(){callback(currTime+timeToCall)},timeToCall);lastTime=currTime+timeToCall;return id}}if(!window.cancelAnimationFrame)window.cancelAnimationFrame=function(id){clearTimeout(id)}})(window);(function(window,document){var weShouldPolyfill=!("open"in document.createElement("details"));function toggleDetailsState(details){if(details.hasAttribute("open"))details.removeAttribute("open");else details.setAttribute("open","open")}function handleEvent(event){var targetNode=event.target;while(targetNode.nodeName.toLowerCase()!=="summary"&&targetNode!==document)targetNode=targetNode.parentNode;if(targetNode.nodeName.toLowerCase()==="summary")toggleDetailsState(targetNode.parentNode)}function bindEvents(){document.addEventListener("click",handleEvent,true);document.addEventListener("keypress",function(event){if(event.key&&(event.key===" "||event.key==="Enter"))handleEvent(event);else if(event.keyCode===32||event.keyCode===13)handleEvent(event)},true)}function appendCss(){if(document.querySelector("#details-polyfill-css")===null){var style=document.createElement("style");style.id="details-polyfill-css";style.textContent="details:not([open]) \x3e *:not(summary) {display: none;}";document.head.insertBefore(style,document.head.firstChild)}}if(weShouldPolyfill){bindEvents();appendCss()}})(window,document);(function(window){var location=window.location;var hash=location.hash;var navigator=window.navigator;var platform=navigator.platform;var isFront=false;var enhancedKey="gu.prefs.enhanced";var preferEnhanced;try{preferEnhanced=JSON.parse(localStorage.getItem(enhancedKey)).value}catch(e){preferEnhanced=null}function mustEnhance(){if(hash==="#enhanced"||hash==="#"+enhancedKey+"\x3dtrue")return true;if(preferEnhanced)return true;return false}function mustNotEnhance(){return hash==="#standard"||hash==="#"+enhancedKey+"\x3dfalse"}function couldEnhance(){return preferEnhanced!==false}function weWantToEnhance(){if(isOlderIOSDevice())return false;if(isFront)return!isIpad();return true}function isOlderIOSDevice(){return/.*(iPhone|iPad|iPod; CPU) OS ([34567])_\d+.*/.test(navigator.userAgent)}function isIpad(){return platform==="iPad"}window.shouldEnhance=mustNotEnhance()?false:mustEnhance()?true:couldEnhance()&&weWantToEnhance()})(window);var isModernBrowser="querySelector"in document&&"addEventListener"in window&&"localStorage"in window&&"sessionStorage"in window&&"bind"in Function&&(("XMLHttpRequest"in window&&"withCredentials"in new XMLHttpRequest())||"XDomainRequest"in window);window.guardian={isModernBrowser:isModernBrowser,isEnhanced:window.shouldEnhance&&isModernBrowser,css:{loaded:false},polyfilled:false,adBlockers:{active:undefined,onDetect:[]},config:{"page":{"avatarApiUrl":"https://avatar.theguardian.com","membershipUrl":"https://membership.theguardian.com","headline":"Why has Italy been spared mass terror attacks in recent years?","isImmersive":false,"author":"Stephanie Kirchgaessner,Lorenzo Tondo","toneIds":"tone/features,tone/news","isProd":true,"discussionFrontendUrl":"https://assets.guim.co.uk/discussion/discussion-frontend.preact.iife.8bdbd9194e.js","membershipAccess":"","allowUserGeneratedContent":false,"commissioningDesks":"uk-foreign","webPublicationDate":1498206384000,"forecastsapiurl":"/weatherapi/forecast","idOAuthUrl":"https://oauth.theguardian.com","supportUrl":"https://support.theguardian.com","isExplore":false,"webTitle":"Why has Italy been spared mass terror attacks in recent years?","isPhotoEssay":false,"isFront":false,"inBodyInternalLinkCount":6,"idWebAppUrl":"https://oauth.theguardian.com","googleSearchUrl":"//www.google.co.uk/cse/cse.js","inBodyExternalLinkCount":0,"showRelatedContent":true,"lightboxImages":{"id":"world/2017/jun/23/why-has-italy-been-spared-mass-terror-attacks-in-recent-years","headline":"Why has Italy been spared mass terror attacks in recent years?","shouldHideAdverts":false,"standfirst":" Experts say Italy has learned harsh lessons from anti-mafia policing, understands dangers of radicalisation in jail, and also relies on surveillance and deportation ","images":[{"caption":"Italian police make security checks outside the Vatican.","credit":"Photograph: Marco Ravagli / Barcroft Media","displayCredit":true,"src":"https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/a5c4740c08d32318994e66208ad8ddcc250c7d94/0_290_3030_1817/3030.jpg?w=700&q=55&auto=format&usm=12&fit=max&s=08e278440b8b20139a19d8595e05a95e","srcsets":"https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/a5c4740c08d32318994e66208ad8ddcc250c7d94/0_290_3030_1817/master/3030.jpg?w=1920&q=55&auto=format&usm=12&fit=max&s=4b04a9078be1b043b823b70a1e0b7782 1920w, https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/a5c4740c08d32318994e66208ad8ddcc250c7d94/0_290_3030_1817/master/3030.jpg?w=1225&q=55&auto=format&usm=12&fit=max&s=7dc4963d700af916c882f6a51415a52c 1225w, https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/a5c4740c08d32318994e66208ad8ddcc250c7d94/0_290_3030_1817/master/3030.jpg?w=1065&q=55&auto=format&usm=12&fit=max&s=ca232331aca89e0c7efd0038b339378a 1065w, https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/a5c4740c08d32318994e66208ad8ddcc250c7d94/0_290_3030_1817/master/3030.jpg?w=965&q=55&auto=format&usm=12&fit=max&s=cb67790003553152f3dbb40820559976 965w, https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/a5c4740c08d32318994e66208ad8ddcc250c7d94/0_290_3030_1817/master/3030.jpg?w=725&q=55&auto=format&usm=12&fit=max&s=7b579f9a06d2c61abff031e4622fa0fa 725w, https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/a5c4740c08d32318994e66208ad8ddcc250c7d94/0_290_3030_1817/master/3030.jpg?w=645&q=55&auto=format&usm=12&fit=max&s=b24b735613195f0ae4e32e6ad22430b8 645w, https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/a5c4740c08d32318994e66208ad8ddcc250c7d94/0_290_3030_1817/master/3030.jpg?w=465&q=55&auto=format&usm=12&fit=max&s=36f46203c567df2c8cfdc85ab23adf1b 465w","sizes":"(min-width: 1300px) 1920px, (min-width: 1140px) 1225px, (min-width: 980px) 1065px, (min-width: 740px) 965px, (min-width: 660px) 725px, (min-width: 480px) 645px, 465px","ratio":1.6675839295542103,"role":"Some(showcase)"}]},"googleSearchId":"007466294097402385199:m2ealvuxh1i","tones":"Features,News","shouldHideReaderRevenue":false,"idUrl":"https://profile.theguardian.com","hasStoryPackage":false,"hasInlineMerchandise":false,"omnitureAmpAccount":"guardiangu-thirdpartyapps","dfpAdUnitRoot":"theguardian.com","trackingNames":"UK Foreign","host":"https://www.theguardian.com","hasShowcaseMainElement":true,"blogIds":"","sectionName":"World news","hasMultipleVideosInPage":false,"fbAppId":"180444840287","isContent":true,"shortUrlId":"/p/6j796","dfpAccountId":"59666047","plistaPublicApiKey":"462925f4f131001fd974bebe","wordCount":1115,"switchPreFlightJsUrl":"//delivery.guardian.switchadhub.com/0.js","cardStyle":"feature","adUnit":"/59666047/theguardian.com/world/article/ng","discussionApiUrl":"https://discussion.theguardian.com/discussion-api","isSensitive":false,"ophanEmbedJsUrl":"//j.ophan.co.uk/ophan.embed","edition":"INT","userAttributesApiUrl":"https://members-data-api.theguardian.com/user-attributes","videoDuration":null,"blogs":"","discussionApiClientHeader":"nextgen","hasSuperStickyBanner":false,"section":"world","dfpHost":"pubads.g.doubleclick.net","weatherapiurl":"/weatherapi/city","sentryPublicApiKey":"344003a8d11c41d8800fbad8383fdc50","shortUrl":"https://gu.com/p/6j796","thumbnail":"https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/a5c4740c08d32318994e66208ad8ddcc250c7d94/0_290_3030_1817/500.jpg?q=55&auto=format&usm=12&fit=max&s=aea8e844a83368d30de1ed8e3016e7d0","pageId":"world/2017/jun/23/why-has-italy-been-spared-mass-terror-attacks-in-recent-years","references":[{"rich-link":"https://www.theguardian.com/info/2015/dec/08/daily-email-uk"}],"sonobiHeaderBiddingJsUrl":"//api.nextgen.guardianapps.co.uk/morpheus.theguardian.12914.js","beaconUrl":"//beacon.gu-web.net","commentable":false,"discussionD2Uid":"zHoBy6HNKsk","ophanJsUrl":"//j.ophan.co.uk/ophan.ng","keywordIds":"world/italy,world/isis,world/mafia,uk-news/london-bridge-attack,world/europe-news,uk/uk,world/world","contentType":"Article","isDev":false,"isHosted":false,"facebookIaAdUnitRoot":"facebook-instant-articles","stripePublicToken":"pk_live_2O6zPMHXNs2AGea4bAmq5R7Z","omnitureAccount":"guardiangu-network","locationapiurl":"/weatherapi/locations?query=","authorIds":"profile/stephanie-kirchgaessner,profile/lorenzo-tondo","isPaidContent":false,"hasYouTubeAtom":false,"externalEmbedHost":"https://embed.theguardian.com","thirdPartyAppsAccount":"guardiangu-thirdpartyapps","ajaxUrl":"https://api.nextgen.guardianapps.co.uk","keywords":"Italy,Islamic State,Mafia,London Bridge attack,Europe,UK news,World news","contentId":"world/2017/jun/23/why-has-italy-been-spared-mass-terror-attacks-in-recent-years","nonKeywordTagIds":"type/article,tone/features,tone/news,profile/stephanie-kirchgaessner,profile/lorenzo-tondo,tracking/commissioningdesk/uk-foreign","mobileAppsAdUnitRoot":"beta-guardian-app","hasPageSkin":false,"requiresMembershipAccess":false,"revisionNumber":"2938925c044b2ec8ed7401d258be4ad93d9d0e20","assetsPath":"https://assets.guim.co.uk/","isLive":false,"richLink":"https://www.theguardian.com/info/2015/dec/08/daily-email-uk","campaigns":[{"id":"593eca89-4902-494f-8f2e-b45b19efc31f","name":"Epic Always Ask strategy","rules":[{"requiredTags":[],"lackingTags":["society/guardian-and-observer-charity-appeal-2016","world/series/guardian-morning-briefing","uk-news/westminster-attack--news-"],"matchAllTags":true}],"priority":0,"activeFrom":1481068800000,"activeUntil":1577836800000,"displayOnSensitive":false,"fields":{"campaignId":"epic_always_ask_strategy","_type":"epic"}}],"isLiveBlog":false,"pageCode":"3567975","avatarImagesUrl":"https://avatar.guim.co.uk","publication":"theguardian.com","idApiJsClientToken":"ARwXnPbUzJ9T2qcUJRv15DuT_LkxAKnUqtdrHdx7XXtQrKpm6j0suScJVsymJ1TC6VxwHlzRt5yVBdw-3ARbpA","sentryHost":"app.getsentry.com/35463","buildNumber":"10831","sharedAdTargeting":{"ct":"article","co":["stephanie-kirchgaessner","lorenzo-tondo"],"url":"/world/2017/jun/23/why-has-italy-been-spared-mass-terror-attacks-in-recent-years","su":["4","5"],"edition":"int","tn":["news","features"],"p":"ng","k":["uk/uk","world","mafia","london-bridge-attack","europe-news","italy","isis"],"sh":"https://gu.com/p/6j796"},"onwardWebSocket":"ws://api.nextgen.guardianapps.co.uk/recently-published","productionOffice":"Uk","shouldHideAdverts":false,"googletagJsUrl":"//www.googletagservices.com/tag/js/gpt.js","idApiUrl":"https://idapi.theguardian.com","isPreview":false},"switches":{"boostGaUserTimingFidelity":false,"thirdPartyEmbedTracking":true,"scrollDepth":true,"enableSentryReporting":true,"ophan":true,"openCta":false,"discussionPageSize":true,"discussion":true,"externalVideoEmbeds":true,"relatedContent":true,"autoRefresh":true,"lazyLoadContainers":true,"registerWithPhone":false,"discussionAllowAnonymousRecommendsSwitch":false,"discussionAllPageSize":true,"preflightAdCall":true,"adFeedback":true,"sonobiHeaderBidding":true,"kruxVideoTracking":false,"adblock":false,"membershipEngagementBannerBlockAu":false,"membershipEngagementBannerBlockUs":false,"membershipEngagementBannerBlockUk":false,"membershipEngagementBanner":true,"simpleReach":true,"remarketing":true,"krux":true,"imrWorldwide":true,"audienceScienceGateway":true,"tourismAustralia":true,"adFreeMembershipTrial":true,"blockIas":true,"surveys":true,"commercial":true,"abEpicForBrexitCohort":true,"abAcquisitionsThrasherUkElection":true,"abAcquisitionsEpicThankYou":true,"abAcquisitionsEpicAlwaysAskElection":true,"abAcquisitionsEpicAlwaysAskIfTagged":true,"abBundleDigitalSubPriceTest1MT":true,"abBundleDigitalSubPriceTest1ME":true,"abPaidContentVsOutbrain2":false,"abTailorSurvey":true,"abAcquisitionsEpicLiveblogDesignTest":true,"abAcquisitionsThisLandSeriesEpic":true,"abAcquisitionsElectionInteractiveSlice":true,"abAcquisitionsInteractiveEnd":false,"abAcquisitionsEpicLiveblog":true,"abContributionsEpicAskFourEarning":true,"abContributionsEpicAlwaysAskStrategy":true,"abExplainerSnippet":true,"abAuMembEngagementMsgCopyTest8":true,"abMembershipEngagementInternationalExperimentTest12":true,"abNewDesktopHeader":true,"commercialGalleryBannerAds":true,"commercialClientLogging":true,"useTailorEndpoints":true,"liveBlogChromeNotificationsProd":true,"targeting":true,"sharingComments":true,"smartAppBanner":true,"emailSignupEuRef":true,"emailSignupLabNotes":true,"emailInArticleOutbrain":true,"emailInArticleGtoday":true,"emailInArticle":true,"emailInlineInFooter":true,"crosswordSvgThumbnails":true,"historyTags":true,"weather":true,"breakingNews":true,"enhancedMediaPlayer":true,"enhanceTweets":true,"idCookieRefresh":true,"idProfileNavigation":true,"googleSearch":true,"webFonts":true,"geoMostPopular":true,"foresee":false,"plistaForOutbrainAu":true,"outbrain":true,"exploreMainMedia":true,"serverShareCounts":true},"tests":{},"modules":{},"images":{"commercial":{"ab-icon":"https:\/\/assets.guim.co.uk\/images\/commercial\/504a6bc5825d269eaf8ffdc77ad1f5b8\/ab-icon.png","abp-icon":"https:\/\/assets.guim.co.uk\/images\/commercial\/15fa8f9f99ce2a6b804097d348622727\/abp-icon.png","abp-whitelist-instruction-chrome":"https:\/\/assets.guim.co.uk\/images\/commercial\/862b03a008061af5c3b77c1f2dd52dd4\/ad-block-instructions-chrome.png"},"membership":{"adblock-coins":"https:\/\/assets.guim.co.uk\/images\/membership\/6b077732beb2d9bf9dcbb78c953a3de5\/adblock-coins.png","adblock-coins-us":"https:\/\/assets.guim.co.uk\/images\/membership\/103510d0b88a6444f383b492d556c539\/adblock-coins-us.png"},"acquisitions":{"paypal-and-credit-card":"https:\/\/assets.guim.co.uk\/images\/acquisitions\/f11636cbbeea81079eff3d092f4a9539\/paypal-and-credit-card.png","usa-flag":"https:\/\/assets.guim.co.uk\/images\/acquisitions\/1193722b05513fcafad78cf3d44cf293\/usa-flag.png"}},"stylesheets":{"fonts":{"hintingCleartype":{"kerningOn":"https:\/\/assets.guim.co.uk\/stylesheets\/9f78997fd3b37533007e55334c9e7c8b\/webfonts-hinting-cleartype-kerning-on.css"},"hintingOff":{"kerningOn":"https:\/\/assets.guim.co.uk\/stylesheets\/50441b3bda46af4af85a3f0a1b61f8bb\/webfonts-hinting-off-kerning-on.css"},"hintingAuto":{"kerningOn":"https:\/\/assets.guim.co.uk\/stylesheets\/4f3512b7ca058a60dea4f4b994ab4ebc\/webfonts-hinting-auto-kerning-on.css"}}},"googleAnalytics":{"trackers":{"editorialTest":"guardianTestPropertyTracker","editorialProd":"allEditorialPropertyTracker","editorial":"allEditorialPropertyTracker"},"timingEvents":[]},"libs":{"foresee":"https:\/\/assets.guim.co.uk\/javascripts\/vendor\/foresee\/20150703\/527c6ee26fbdc0149bd153a26c7b9175\/foresee-trigger.js","googletag":"\/\/www.googletagservices.com\/tag\/js\/gpt.js","sonobi":"\/\/api.nextgen.guardianapps.co.uk\/morpheus.theguardian.12914.js","switch":"\/\/delivery.guardian.switchadhub.com\/0.js"}}};if(window.esi&&window.esi.viewId){window.guardian.config.ophan={pageViewId:window.esi.viewId};}else{window.guardian.config.ophan={pageViewId:new Date().getTime().toString(36)+'xxxxxxxxxxxx'.replace(/x/g,function(){return Math.floor(Math.random()*36).toString(36);})};}/*@cc_on @if (@_jscript_version =5.1&&version<=6.1)if(/Chrome/.exec(ua)&&version<6)hinting="Auto";else hinting="Cleartype"}}catch(e){}return hinting}();function loadFontsFromStorage(){try{if("localStorage"in window){var saveFont=function(fontName,fontHash,css){for(var i=0,totalItems=localStorage.length;i<totalItems-1;i++){var key=localStorage.key(i);if(key.indexOf(fontStorageKey(fontName))!==-1){localStorage.removeItem(key);break}}localStorage.setItem(fontStorageKey(fontName,fontHash),JSON.stringify({value:css}))};var fetchFont=function(url,el,fontName,fontHash){var xhr=new XMLHttpRequest;this["guFont"]=function(fontData){return fontData.css};xhr.open("GET",url,true);xhr.onreadystatechange=function(){if(xhr.readyState===4&&xhr.status===200){var css=eval(xhr.responseText);useFont(el,css);saveFont(fontName,fontHash,css)}};xhr.send()};var useFont=function(el,css){el.innerHTML=css};var fontStorageKey=function(fontName,fontHash){fontHash=fontHash===undefined?"":fontHash;return"gu.fonts."+fontName+"."+fontHash};var fontFormat=function(){var formatStorageKey="gu.fonts.format";var format=localStorage.getItem(formatStorageKey);function supportsWoff2(){if("FontFace"in window)try{var f=new window.FontFace("t",'url("data:application/font-woff2,") format("woff2")',{});f.load()["catch"](function(){});if(f.status==="loading")return true}catch(e){}if(!/edge\/([0-9]+)/.test(ua.toLowerCase())){var browser=/(chrome|firefox)\/([0-9]+)/.exec(ua.toLowerCase());var supportsWoff2$0={"chrome":36,"firefox":39};return!!browser&&supportsWoff2$0[browser[1]]-1?"ttf":"woff";localStorage.setItem(formatStorageKey,format)}return format}();var fonts=document.querySelectorAll(".webfont");var hinting=fontHinting==="Off"?"":"hinted-"+fontHinting+"-";var urlAttribute="data-cache-file-"+hinting+fontFormat;for(var i=0,j=fonts.length;i<j;++i){var font=fonts[i];var fontURL=font.getAttribute(urlAttribute);var fontInfo=fontURL.match(/fonts\/([^/]*?)\/?([^/]*)\.(woff2|woff|ttf).json$/);var fontName=fontInfo[2];var fontHash=fontInfo[1];var fontData=localStorage.getItem(fontStorageKey(fontName,fontHash));if(fontData)useFont(font,JSON.parse(fontData).value);else fetchFont(fontURL,font,fontName,fontHash)}return true}}catch(e){}return false}function loadFontsAsynchronously(){try{var scripts=document.getElementsByTagName("script");var thisScript=scripts[scripts.length-1];var fonts=document.createElement("link");fonts.rel="stylesheet";fonts.className="webfonts";fonts.href=window.guardian.config.stylesheets.fonts["hinting"+fontHinting].kerningOn;window.setTimeout(function(){thisScript.parentNode.insertBefore(fonts,thisScript)})}catch(e){}}function fontSmoothingEnabled(){try{var saveFontSmoothing=function(state){state=state?"on":"off";document.cookie="GU_fonts_smoothing\x3d "+state+"; domain\x3d"+location.hostname+"; path\x3d/; max-age\x3d"+60*60*24*30};if(document.cookie.indexOf("GU_fonts_smoothing")!==-1&&window.location.hash!=="#check-smoothing")return document.cookie.indexOf("GU_fonts_smoothing\x3don")!==-1;if(/Windows NT (\d\.\d+)/.exec(ua)&&!/MSIE|Trident/.exec(ua)){try{var canvasNode=document.createElement("canvas");canvasNode.width="35";canvasNode.height="35";canvasNode.style.display="none";document.documentElement.appendChild(canvasNode);var ctx=canvasNode.getContext("2d");ctx.textBaseline="top";ctx.font="32px Arial";ctx.fillStyle="black";ctx.strokeStyle="black";ctx.fillText("@",0,0);for(var x=0;x<=16;x++)for(var y=0;y0&&alpha<255){saveFontSmoothing(true);return true}}}catch(e){}saveFontSmoothing(false);return false}else return true}catch(e$1){}}var fontCookie="GU_fonts\x3doff; domain\x3d"+location.hostname+"; path\x3d/";function disableFonts(){document.cookie=fontCookie+"; max-age\x3d"+60*60*24*365}function enableFonts(){document.cookie=fontCookie+"; expires\x3dThu, 01 Jan 1970 00:00:00 GMT"}function checkUserFontDisabling(){if(window.location.hash==="#fonts-off")disableFonts();else if(window.location.hash==="#fonts-on"||window.location.hash==="#check-smoothing")enableFonts()}var fontsEnabled=document.cookie.indexOf("GU_fonts\x3doff")===-1;function loadFonts(){checkUserFontDisabling();if(fontsEnabled)if(fontSmoothingEnabled())loadFontsFromStorage()||loadFontsAsynchronously();else disableFonts()}loadFonts()})(window,document);(function(styleSheetLinks,documentStyleSheets){function setMedia(styleSheet){for(var i=0,totalSheets=documentStyleSheets.length;i-1){styleSheet.media="screen";window.guardian.css.loaded=true;try{window.guardian.css.onLoad()}catch(e){}return true}}setTimeout(function(){setMedia(styleSheet)})}function useCss(){for(var i=0,totalStyleSheetLinks=styleSheetLinks.length;i<totalStyleSheetLinks;i++)if(styleSheetLinks[i].getAttribute("media")==="only x")setMedia(styleSheetLinks[i])}useCss()})(document.getElementsByTagName("link"),window.document.styleSheets);function guardianPolyfilled(){try{window.guardian.polyfilled=true}catch(e){}}(function(document,window){var src;var script;var pendingScripts=[];var firstScript=document.scripts[0];var scripts=["https://assets.guim.co.uk/polyfill.io/v2/polyfill.min.js?rum\x3d0\x26features\x3des6,es7,default-3.6\x26flags\x3dgated\x26callback\x3dguardianPolyfilled","https://assets.guim.co.uk/javascripts/d5394b5df7ce3f1df346/graun.standard.js"];function stateChange(){var pendingScript;while(pendingScripts[0]&&pendingScripts[0].readyState=="loaded"){pendingScript=pendingScripts.shift();pendingScript.onreadystatechange=null;firstScript.parentNode.insertBefore(pendingScript,firstScript)}}while(src=scripts.shift())if("async"in firstScript){script=document.createElement("script");script.async=false;script.src=src;document.head.appendChild(script)}else if(firstScript.readyState){script=document.createElement("script");pendingScripts.push(script);script.onreadystatechange=stateChange;script.src=src}else document.write('\x3cscript src\x3d"'+src+'" defer\x3e\x3c/'+"script\x3e")})(document,window); // ]]>